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Identified articles were assembled, and duplicates were removed. (35) There are therefore key differences in the capsid and genome structure between coronaviruses and Phi6 (see the abstract graphic) that may affect their relative persistence and disinfection in water. Phi6 has a double capsid structure and a segmented, dsRNA genome, with a total length of approximately 13.4 kilobases.
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(28−31) Phi6 (family Cystoviridae) is an 85 nm diameter, enveloped bacteriophage that infects Pseudomonas spp. MHV, TGEV, and FIPV are viruses within the Coronaviridae family that infect mice, pigs, and cats, respectively, and have been used as surrogates for human coronaviruses given similar size, composition, and morphology.
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(20,31−34) These surrogates were included in the systematic review. Given safety challenges in conducting laboratory work with highly infectious human coronaviruses, many researchers have instead evaluated closely related viral surrogates, including animal coronaviruses (28−31) and the enveloped bacteriophage Phi6. Therefore, there is a critical need for additional studies that specifically evaluate disinfection kinetics of coronaviruses in the aqueous environment.
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However, given different genome compositions and virion structures between coronaviruses and Phi6, it is not clear whether Phi6 should be used as a surrogate for evaluating free chlorine or UV 254 k. Three disinfection experiments were identified for Phi6. No free chlorine or UV 254 disinfection studies for coronaviruses were identified that met the systematic review inclusion criteria, although evidence from the literature suggests that coronaviruses would be inactivated if disinfectant doses recommended for nonenveloped viruses were applied. Between 22 and 25 ☌, mean k for coronaviruses ranged from 0.19 ± 0.06 d –1 in laboratory buffer ( n = 4) to 2.9 ± 0.03 d –1 in sterilized wastewater ( n = 3), which are within the ranges observed for Phi6 and nonenveloped viruses. In the absence of disinfectants, k increased with temperature. Here, 73 k were identified, with only 12 for human coronaviruses, as opposed to animal coronaviruses or Phi6. It is exciting to think about how developers will continue to push the boundaries of horror in video games with all the tools they now have at their disposal.A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to identify decay rate constants ( k) of human coronaviruses and their viral surrogates (i.e., animal coronaviruses and the enveloped bacteriophage Phi6) in water and wastewater and disinfection rates with exposure to free chlorine and germicidal ultraviolet light (UV 254). With the technological advances made in graphics and audio technology from last generation hardware to this current generation, horror games especially are ripe for clever implementation of it all. Right now is potentially the best time it has ever been to be a fan of horror video games. Graeme Ankers, the Managing Director at Firespite said via a press release that “We’re really excited to debut The Persistence on next-generation hardware, bringing improvements that intensify the immersive stealth horror for both existing players and newcomers alike”. It will also feature Dualsense haptic feedback on PS5 and for PC’s with a supported graphics card it will also feature DXR implementation.
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It will also feature a raytracing mode only for the aforementioned consoles, so Xbox Series S owners are unfortunately out of luck on the raytracing front. The Persistence Enhanced will feature the same brutal survival-horror gameplay fans already know and love, but now on PS5 and Xbox Series X and compatible PC’s it will also feature improved lighting and particle effects.